Non-canonical role of Hippo tumor suppressor serine/threonine kinase 3 STK3 in prostate cancer

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Immunotherapy: A new standard in the treatment of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell cancer (RCC) represents 2%-3% of all adulthood cancers and is the most common malignant neoplasm of the kidney (90%). In the mid-nineties of the last century, the standard of treatment for patients with metastatic RCC was cytokines. Sunititib and pazopanib were registered in 2007 and 2009, respectively, and have since been the standard first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell RCC (mccRCC). Renal cell cancer is a highly immunogenic tumor with tumor infiltrating cells, including CD8+ T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK) and macrophages. This observation led to the design of new clinical trials in which patients were treated with immunotherapy. With the growing evidence that proangiogenic factors can have immunomodulatory effects on the host’s immune system, the idea of combining angiogenic drugs with immunotherapy has emerged, and new clinical trials have been designed. In the last few years, several therapeutic options have been approved [immunotherapy and immunotherapy/tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI)] for the first-line treatment of mccRCC. Nivolumab/ipilimumab is approved for the treatment of patients with intermediate and poor prognoses. Several checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab) in combination with TKI (axitinib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib) are approved for the treatment of patients regardless of their International mRCC Database Consortium prognostic group and PD-L1 expression. There is no specific and ideal biomarker that could help in selecting the ideal patient for the appropriate first-line treatment.     

Exploring the potential of exosomes in diagnosis and drug delivery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a cancer of the digestive system, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for approximately 90% of all PC cases. Exosomes derived from PDAC (PDAC-exosomes) promote PDAC development and metastasis. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by most cells, which can carry biologically active molecules and mediate communication and cargo transportation among cells. Recent studies have focused on transforming exosomes into good drug delivery systems (DDSs) to improve the clinical treatment of PDAC. This review considers PDAC as the main research object to introduce the role of PDAC-exosomes in PDAC development and metastasis. This review focuses on the following two themes: (a) the great potential of PDAC-exosomes as new diagnostic markers for PDAC, and (b) the transformation of exosomes into potential DDSs.     

结直肠癌与自然杀伤细胞的相关性探讨北大核心

目的:研究结直肠癌及其配对的癌旁组织的自然杀伤(nature killer,NK)细胞数量及分布情况。方法:结直肠癌及其配对的癌旁组织各40例,以SP免疫组化法检测NK细胞。结果:结直肠癌及其配对的癌旁组织中均未检测到NK细胞的浸润。结论:结直肠癌及其配对的癌旁组织中缺乏NK细胞浸润可能与肿瘤微环境、生理微环境、未知的NK细胞亚型相关,结直肠癌患者可能不适用NK细胞进行免疫治疗。     

超声引导下关节腔内注射重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(益赛普)治疗血友病性关节病

目的 观察超声引导下关节腔内注射重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白（益赛普）治疗血友病性关节病（HA）的价值。方法 回顾性分析32例接受超声引导下穿刺关节腔注射益赛普的HA患者，对比观察治疗前及治疗后1个月血友病关节健康评分（HJHS）、视觉模拟评分（VAS），以及超声所示目标关节增生滑膜厚度、血流信号、Melchiorre及中国早期血友病性关节病超声检测（HEAD-US-C）评分，评估其治疗价值。结果 对32例均成功完成超声引导下穿刺关节腔及腔内注射益赛普，共对18例膝关节、7例肘关节及7例踝关节进行治疗。术后未出现感染、出血等并发症。治疗后1个月，目标关节HJHS、VAS、Melchiorre评分、HEAD-US-C评分及增生滑膜最大厚度、平均厚度、血流信号均低于治疗前（P均<0.01）。结论 超声引导下关节腔内注射益赛普治疗HA安全、有效。     

黄芩苷改善肿瘤缺氧微环境抑制乳腺癌移植瘤的生长＊

目的 通过观察黄芩苷对乳腺癌组织毛细血管通透性（Capillary Vessel Permeability，CVP）、赖氨酰氧化酶（Lysyl Oxidase，LOX）及血清丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA）等相关指标的影响，探讨黄芩苷可能的抗乳腺癌作用机制。方法 通过在裸鼠皮下接种MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞株建立乳腺癌移植瘤模型；实验分为模型组、黄芩苷组、阿霉素组、黄芩苷+阿霉素组。于接种第7日开始：黄芩苷组每天灌胃黄芩苷水溶液（100 mg·kg^-1），连续14天；阿霉素组每3天腹腔注射一次阿霉素（5mg·kg^-1），共用药5次；模型组每天灌胃生理盐水（10 mL·kg^-1），连续14天；黄芩苷+阿霉素组每天灌胃黄芩苷水溶液（100 mg·kg^-1），连续14天，并每3天腹腔注射一次阿霉素5 mg·kg^-1，共5次。给药期间监测移植瘤体积；紫外可见分光光度计620 nm下测OD值来反映黄芩苷对肿瘤毛细血管通透性的影响；硫代巴比妥酸（Thiobarbituric acid，TBA）比色法检测黄芩苷对裸鼠血清中丙二醛（MDA）的影响；免疫组化染色法检测乳腺癌组织中赖氨酰氧化酶（LOX）的表达情况。结果 ①与模型组比较，黄芩苷组、阿霉素组、黄芩苷+阿霉素组瘤体重量均明显减轻（P<0.05）；黄芩苷+阿霉素组瘤体重量较阿霉素组明显减轻（P<0.05）。②与模型组比较，黄芩苷组降低乳腺癌组织毛细血管的通透性，而阿霉素组则增加肿瘤组织中毛细血管的通透性，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。③黄芩苷组能够明显抑制荷瘤裸鼠血清MDA的表达，与模型组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P<0.01）；阿霉素组促进MDA的表达，与模型组比较差异有统计学意义；黄芩苷+阿霉素组促进MDA的表达，与模型组比较差异无统计学意义。④与模型组比较，黄芩苷组裸鼠乳腺癌组织LOX的表达显著下调（P<0.01），阿霉素组肿瘤组织中LOX表达增加（P<0.05）；黄芩苷+阿霉素组能下调裸鼠乳腺癌组织LOX的表达，与模型组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 黄芩苷能够明显抑制乳腺癌移植瘤的生长，其机制可能与黄芩苷降低肿瘤组织毛细血管的通透性，抑制裸鼠血清中丙二醛、乳腺癌组织中赖氨酰氧化酶的表达，从而改变肿瘤缺氧微环境有关。     

Tumor-associated high endothelial venules mediate lymphocyte entry into tumors and predict response to PD-1 plus CTLA-4 combination immunotherapy

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